Free sample - British Petroleum History. translation missing

British Petroleum History. British Petroleum HistoryBP’s (British Petroleum) origins can be traced back to 1901 when William Know tried to explore oil in Persia. The first commercial oil discovery was made in the Middle East by BP in 1908. In 1935, the company prospered and was renamed the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company. Its exploration operations expanded into North America (mainly Alaska), South America, Africa, and Europe. Â  The oil crisis in the 1970s led to a renewed expansion in oil exploration into the North Sea and Alaska, and the diversification of energy sources into coal, gas, and solar sources. This led to acquisition of Standard Oil in 1987, formation of BP America and the acquisition of Britoil in 1988. In 1998, BP and Amoco merged to create BP Amoco, an international energy and petrochemicals group with global operations. At the time, it was the largest ever industrial merger. In 2000, BP Amoco acquired Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) and Burmah Castrol, and changed its name to BP in 2001. BP acquired Veba Oel’s retail and refining assets in Germany and central Europe in 2001. This made BP the market leader in Germany and Austria and substantially strengthened its position in Poland and several other central European countries. BP also signed a number of agreements covering investments totaling around $1 billion to strengthen its presence in the growing Chinese energy market. The company also transferred the Mardi gas pipeline system in the Gulf of Mexico from exploration and production to refining and marketing, and a small US operation supplying petrochemicals feedstock from gas, power, and renewable (GPR) to olefins and derivatives. Subsequently in 2007, BP and its Libyan partner, the Libya Investment Corporation (LIC), signed a major exploration and production agreement with Libya’s National Oil Company (NOC). BP, on behalf of the Shah Deniz partnership, announced a major new gas-condensate discovery in the Shah Deniz field in the Caspian Sea, in the same year. BP Egypt made a significant gas discovery at record depths in the Nile Delta, in early 2008. Subsequently, BP and its partner, Marathon Petroleum West of Shetlands, announced new oil discovery in Block 204/23, following drilling on the South-West Foinaven prospect. In 2008, BP and ConocoPhillips formed of a joint venture company called Denali – The Alaska Gas Pipeline. Later on, BP and Verenium (a company engaged in producing alternative energy fuels), created a strategic partnership to accelerate the development and commercialization of celluloses ethanol. In June 2009, BP announced the sale of its wholly-owned subsidiary, BP West Java (BPWJ), to Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company PT Pertamina (Persero). In the same month, BP announced the sale of its ground fuels marketing business in Greece to Hellenic Petroleum for E359 million (approximately $500 million). Bp also made a giant oil discovery at its Tiber Prospect in the deepwater US Gulf of Mexico, in September 2009. The well, was drilled to a total depth of approximately 35,055 feet (10,685 Meters) making it one of the deepest wells ever drilled by the oil and gas industry. In August 2010, BP agreed to sell its oil and gas exploration, production, and transportation business in Colombia to a consortium of Ecopetrol, Colombia's national oil company (51%), and Talisman of Canada (49%).

HUI 235 Sex Love and Tragedy in Early Italian Literature Assignment

HUI 235 Sex Love and Tragedy in Early Italian Literature - Assignment Example Dante took pains for the development of his character reaching the final concept of love. He presents her first as a quite ordinary woman who achieves greater status at the end and it likens her to Christ. Here Dante wins his attempt of constructing his own legend; the Holy Beatrix. Dante could not acknowledge the fact that Beatrice was one of many ladies. Later, different meanings are attributed Beatrice like the symbols of Christ and miracle (The Florence Newspaper, n. d.). Virgil is the other character appearing with Dante in Inferno. Critics have attributed different symbolisms to the presentation of Virgil’s ghost in the poem. They are of the opinion that the ghost represents human reason which guides and protects persons from the world of sin. Reading through the poem, one feels that Virgil’s character best suits for reason where he proves sober, measured, resolute, and wise. He has been presented in the poem as the protector of Dante from demons and monsters. Virgil also reminds the readers about the significance of religious faith— Reason is powerless without faith, by following the words of angelic messenger. Here, Virgil acts as the guide of Dante, who enables Dante to have a clear view of Hell and for strengthening his moral lessons. He leads him as a master, expressing the acknowledgement and appreciation of the classical tradition. Francesca was the contemporary of Dante, whose presentation in Inferno attracted the attention of many critics. According to them her personality is sufficient to atone for her sin. For a reader it is easy to understand her character. Presenting Francesca in his poem was a great challenge to Dante. But he won in his attempt to present her as one of the most charming creatures to appear in world literature (Alighieri,Dante., Musa, Mark, 1995. P. 310) Her aristocratic behavior is well appreciated and it enables her to wipe out her

Fundamentals of Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of Communication - Assignment Example The ethical issues should be analyzed well in advance when one understands the ideology behind the communication understandings because ethics is something that plays a very tacit role within any society of the world. This concept of the ethical issues within the book has been covered very appropriately. This is the reason why I believe it should be mentioned duly within this paper. Also this ethical issue construct needs to be given emphasis because it is necessary to speak in such terms to achieve what the eventual goals are for the organization and how it wishes to expand its network across the different domains and dimensions of the society. The need is to reach the masses and let the message be known easily so that there are no problems encountered by the people who remain a very significant part of the society nonetheless (Alberts, Nakayama & Martin, 2009). When the communication regimes are based on the basic element of dealing in an ethical manner with one another, the success is indeed guaranteed. This will be highlighted in the different zones where ethics has been employed and where it should be made use of to make sure that communication remains significant at the end of the day. It i s in essence a fundamental part of any communication setting which has come about with the passage of time, and which shall remain more important in the changing eras. What is required here is an understanding of the different ethical issues which come about in the discussion of communication. This is because communication feels that it is incomplete if ethical understandings are not reached upon quite clearly. This will set the basis for finding out other issues and concerns within the communication mechanisms. But if the ethical issues are properly gauged and realized, then the communication concerns will be dealt with in a proper manner. The need of the hour

Pricing Structure- ABC Costing System Case Study

Pricing Structure- ABC Costing System - Case Study Example This strategy was mainly tied to distribution division and supply chain of the company and as the company noticed the profit of the firm declined they arose a serious business issue. The main issue here is that the company found out that there was problem in the cost listed in the clients account and hence it directed discrepancy in the accounting of distribution division which needed immediate attention. The current pricing structure employed by the company is competitive pricing structure. The competitive pricing structure is a phenomenon where the price of the product of the company is set keeping in mind the price set by industry competitors. In this kind of pricing structure the focus is on the attributes of the product, its quality and company’s customer service. In this case study, it can found that the â€Å"Formula Plus† service is imposed taking in to consideration the competitive potential of the company’s product. Calculating the cost of the transaction driver with the help of ordering and receiving material cost and number of purchase order.Ordering and receiving material cost obtained from page 4 where total of the costs of the Distribution division were mentioned. The number of purchase order was obtained from the page 6 where average total stock obtained was mentioned to be 350,000 boxes. In a company, the inventory or stock refers to the material the company holds currently in the premises in order to sell on a future date. Basically, the inventories of a company are associated with certain costs. These cost related to obsolescence of the inventory, the capital invested in the inventory, the cost of the space used and cost of monitoring the inventory. Inventory financing basically means the company get financing with the help of a secured loan from bank. The capital charge for a business is usually calculated by multiplying gross income by the denoted beta assigned to the business venture. Since Les Papeteries

An Overview On Food Safety Management System Commerce Essay

An Overview On Food Safety Management System Commerce Essay In this chapter, several axes concerning the quality and the safety of food will be discussed. It is important to clarify these axes if one should research this field. To start, clarifying what is the definition of food safety is a must and what is meant by food safety, according to its importance, and what are the stages of the development of food safety concept throughout the food chain. Likewise, shifting to the concept of ISO 22000, the date of issue, the urgent need that derived its issue and what it includes from the requirements of food safety is a must, also management systems and the fundamentals that the system is based upon. Due to the talk in this chapter about food safety, ignoring the main foundation of food safety system which is HACCP and its effectiveness as running system to hold the safety of food cannot be done. Talking about the ISO 9000 system also will be done, and why many institutions applied both HACCP and ISO 9000, and why the HACPP system did not hold on b y its own keeping the quality of the food safety management system. Demonstrating the urgent need that lead institutions concerned with applying food safety systems to the necessity of running a system such as the ISO 22000 system instead of the HACCP system alone also will be done. The characteristics of applying the ISO 22000 system over the HACCP system alone will be demonstrated. The characteristic role of applying this system in the development and advancement of the institutions working with this system shall be demonstrated. In addition to the necessity of discussing the benefits of applying the ISO 22000 on the institutions running on this system as well as the fields of its applications starting from the farm till the serving dish including all the process such as transportation, circulating and supplying the institutions with food that is to be processed, as well as the different transportation process of this food throughout the whole stages of circulating and manufacturi ng. Therefore what is said earlier can be summarized and clarified by talking about the following axes: 1- Definitions of Food Safety 2- ISO 22000 Concepts 3- HACCP and ISO 9000 4- HACCP versus ISO 22000 5- ISO 22000 Advantages 6- ISO 22000 applications 3.2 Definitions of Food Safety Food safety is about the prevention, elimination, or control of food borne hazards at the point of consumption. Everyday around the world, people agree on this one point-consumers need and deserve assurance that the food sold for them is safe to consume. As the food safety hazards may be introduced at any stage of the food supply chain, every company in the supply chain must exercise adequate hazard controls. In fact, food safety can be only ensured through the combined efforts of all parties in the food chain. Organizations within the food supply chain range from primary procedures (e.g farmers, ranchers) through food processor, storage and transportation operators, subcontracts, and all the way to retail outlets (e.g., groceries, restaurants), as well as every point and company in between. And through their products are not parts of the food we consume, makers of processing equipment, packaging materials, cleaning agents, additives/ingredients, and even service provider (e.g., equipments testers) are also integral parts of the supply chain of food safety. Otherwise what do we mean by Food safety as a concept? Safety is an integrated concept, which comprises both quality factors, namely the extent to which it meets the needs of the people, and safety factors, the extent to which it may do harm to people ¿Ã‚ ½s health. Therefore, food Safety is a complex system engineering, which involves raw materials, activities of production and product test.(Zhu, et al., 2008), Food safety remains huge opportunity for improvement in preventing illness from known food pathogens and in responding to new and emerging food borne illnesses and threats (The ASQ the Quarterly Quality Report June 2007)(not mentioned in references). A similar description of food safety as protection of food against chemical, biological and physical factors which can endanger human health has been used by (Codex, 2003). Food safety as a concept means that foodstuffs should not be harmful to the consumer and recognizes that food safety hazards can be introduced at any stage of the food chain (GFSI Technical Committee September 2007). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2003) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) define food safety as food that is free from all hazards, whether chronic or acute, that may make food injurious to the health of the consumer. Food safety relates to the conditions and practices that preserve the quality of food and prevent contamination and food borne illnesses. Also we can conclude that food safety is related to how safe the food we eat is. Its mandate covers the transportation, manufacturing and processing, consumer safety, production of equipment for food safety, storage, delivery exportation and importation. (WHO,2003) define food safety as:  ¿Ã‚ ½all conditions and measures that are necessary during the production, processing, storage, distribution, and preparation of food to ensure that it is safe, sound, wholesome and fit for human consumption ¿Ã‚ ½. 3.3 ISO 22000 Concepts The process started in November 2001 with voting on the final draft in August 2005. All 34 national standard bodies that voted were positive and there were no rejections. The standard was published in September 2005 and subsequently translated for publication by national standard bodies, which are replacing national standards by ISO 22000. It has also been published as an European (CEN) standard: EN-ISO 22000 and is currently the standard in over 40 countries. ISO 22000:2005 provides a framework of internationally harmonized requirements for the global approach that is needed. The standard has been developed within ISO by experts from the food industry, along with representatives of specialized international organizations and in close cooperation with the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the body jointly established by the United Nations ¿Ã‚ ½ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) to develop food standards (ISO 22000 for safe food supply chains. ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management systems  ¿Ã‚ ½ Requirements for any organization in the food chain, aims to ensure that there are no weak links in the food supply chain. Since its publication in September 2005, the standard has been well received by the food industry and is clearly becoming a global standard to be reckoned with. ISO 22000 has been designed with flexibility to enable a tailor-made approach to food safety for all segments of the food chain. It does not take a  ¿Ã‚ ½one size fits all approach ¿Ã‚ ½ since the standards and procedures required for high risk areas in one food sector may not be appropriate in another. For this reason, unlike other schemes, the standard does not provide a checklist methodology. In 2005 ISO 22000 was published to be the first international food safety management standard applicable to the whole food supply chain. The aim was to ensure all parts of a supply chain, no matter their location or function, could be united under one standard. ISO 22000 requires an organization to demonstrate its ability to manage food safety hazards and provide consistently safe products that meet both customer requirements and food safety regulations. It was hailed as the ultimate opportunity to harmonies global food safety approaches. ISO 22000 standard is considered to be the first international quality standard designed to work with all cultural prescription, statutes and regulation.ISO 22000 is dedicated to improve consumer confidence in the food product and the process. It applies to every link in the food supply chain from the farm to the table.(Joee Carroll, 2008) . ISO 22000 is an international, auditable standard that specifies the requirement of food safety management by incorporating all the elements of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) together with a comprehensive management system. (Vel, et al., 2005) Food safety management system (FSMS) combining between Good Management Practices, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles and effective supplier verification and validation, ensuring that all actions possible are taken, recorded and verified to ensure safe food, which is based on the HACCP principles. This requires a company policy definition and quality manual, with definition of responsibilities for management and employees, prerequisite programs and HACCP plan implementation, and preparing pre-request programs and measures for implementing the food safety program. Preparing the HACCP team and effective recording systems, and a combination of self assessment with application of internal auditing, management review, application of all legal requirements and supplier evaluation, are other concerns in this system. (Mehrdad, 2007).So food safety management systems principally control the specific food safety hazards associated with the product and ensure complianc e with food safety legislation.(L. Manning , R.N. Baines,2004). In line with all other standardized management systems, the systemic approach adopted by the ISO 22000 standard is based on the application of process management principles. A number of management philosophies, such as TQM and Six Sigma, are also based on these principles (Hammer, 2002). Core element of process management is the concept of processes. In this context, the management system of an organization can be viewed as a single large process, which may be broken down to several sub-processes (Bhuiyan and Alam, 2005). Effective management of these processes ensures effective management of the whole organization (see Armistead et al., 1999). It should be noted that in the case of ISO 22000, as mentioned in ISO/TS 22004 (giving guidelines for applying the standard), processes are considered in terms of food safety (IOS, 2005b). A key tool for effective process management is the well known Deming cycle Plan-Do-Check- Act (PDCA). Plan concerns the design of processes, in a way that fully specifies which activities are to be done (when, by whom and how) so as to ensure repeatability and consistency. Do cover the implementation of these activities, in accordance with the plan. Measurements of end-to-end process performance and assessment of these measurements in order to facilitate targets setting are actually part of Check. Finally, Act refers to process improvement and ensures that the critical activities are executed in the most efficient and effective manner. Processes standardization is also an important issue (see Davenport, 2005). In order to apply the PDCA cycle, ISO 22000 has adapted a requirements presentation scheme directly analogous to the ISO 9001:2000 quality systems standard. Specifically, after three initial clauses (giving scope, references and definitions) the ISO 22000 requirements are grouped into five clauses: (1) Food safety management system; (2) Management responsibility; (3) Resource management; (4) Planning and realization of safe products; and (5) Validation, verification and improvement. Under the first clause, the organization establishes and documents a food safety management system and defines its scope (i.e. products, processes and sites). The management responsibility clause specifies requirements covering safety policy definition, safety planning (through objectives and targets), communication issues and management review. Provision of all resources necessary for the implementation of the system is the scope of the resource management clause. In the planning and realization of safe products clause, all production processes affecting products safety need be designed and the respective safety plans developed. In fact, this clause includes most technical requirements of classical HACCP (and is the only clause drastically different from its ISO 9001 counterpart). Finally, the last clause specifies requirements which ensure system verification (i.e. the system ability to reliably deliver expected safety outcomes) and continuous improvement.(Panagiotis, 2009) This International Standard specifies the requirements for a food safety management system that combines the following generally recognized key elements to ensure food safety along the food chain, up to the point of final consumption: Interactive communication. System management. Prerequisite programmes. HACCP principles. Communication along the food chain is essential to ensure that all relevant food safety hazards are identified and adequately controlled at each step within the food chain. This implies communication between organizations both upstream and downstream in the food chain. Communication with customers and suppliers about identified hazards and control measures will assist in clarifying customer and supplier requirements (e.g. with regard to the feasibility and need for these requirements and their impact on the end product). Recognition of the organizations role and position within the food chain is essential to ensure effective interactive communication throughout the chain in order to deliver safe food products to the final consumer. An example of the communication channels among interested parties of the food chain is shown in Figure (2-1). Figure (2-1) Example of communication within the food chain, (ISO 22000 International Standard, 2005) The most effective food safety systems are established, operated and updated within the framework of a structured management system and incorporated into the overall management activities of the organization. This provides maximum benefit for the organization and interested parties. This International Standard has been aligned with ISO 9001 in order to enhance the compatibility of the two standards This International Standard can be applied independently of other management system standards. Its implementation can be aligned or integrated with existing related management system requirements, while organizations may utilize existing management system(s) to establish a food safety management system that complies with the requirements of this International Standard. This International Standard integrates the principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and application steps developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. By means of auditable requirements, it combines the HACCP plan with prerequisite programs (PRPs). Hazard analysis is the key to an effective food safety management system, since conducting a hazard analysis assists in organizing the knowledge required to establish an effective combination of control measures. This International Standard requires that all hazards that may be reasonably expected to occur in the food chain, including hazards that may be associated with the type of process and facilities used, are identified and assessed. Thus it provides the means to determine and document why certain identified hazards need to be controlled by a particular organization and why others need not. During hazard analysis, the organization determines the strategy to be used to ensure hazard control by comb ining the PRP(s), operational PRP(s) and the HACCP plan. This International Standard allows an organization (such as a small and/or less developed organization) to implement an externally developed combination of control measures. The aim of this International Standard is to harmonize on a global level the requirements for food safety management for businesses within the food chain. It is particularly intended for application by organizations that seek a more focused, coherent and integrated food safety management system. 3.4 HACCP and ISO 9000 The ISO 9000 quality management systems standards have become a major element of supplier management strategy for many multinational corporations (Birkenstock, 1999; Wasik, 1994a). Manufacturers implement the ISO 9000 standards with the intention of reaping the benefits, while customers perceive ISO 9000-registered plants as being more capable of delivering products of consistent quality (Adams, 1994; Pallett, 1994; Mehta and Wilcock, 1996). Both manufacturers and customers have indicated that companies using quality systems such as the ISO 9000 standards have several advantages over competitors that have not implemented such systems. These advantages include improved product quality and reliability, increased customer satisfaction, reduced scrap and rework, increased manufacturing efficiency, superior delivery times, rapid systematic response to change, and increased interdepartmental communication leading to increased teamwork (Adams, 1994; Bennet and Steed, 1999; Eyles, 1995; News low, 1997). ISO 9000 refers to a group of standards containing clauses directed at the quality management process of an organization. The standards define a quality framework within which a registered company must operate as a minimum criterion for a quality management system (Stringer, 1994; Surak and Simpson, 1994). To ensure their ongoing relevance, they are reviewed regularly, with the most recent revision having been published in December 2000. Attaining ISO 9000 registration does not equate with achieving a world class quality system since the ISO standards describe only the minimum criteria for a quality management system (Surak, 1999). HACCP/ISO transitions. The ISO 9000 standards are generic and can be applied to any industry. Their purpose is to establish the existence of a documented quality system. ISO 9000 standards do not describe how a company should manage its quality system, but focus on whether a company is complying with its own written policies and procedures. Both HACCP and ISO 9000 systems are management philosophies that rely on disciplined operator control and teamwork (Wasik, 1994b). Both focus on prevention rather than retrospective inspection. However, the major difference between the two systems is the scope. HACCP is process and product oriented. HACCP is totally focused on food safety therefore quality factors should not be part of a HACCP program (Newslow, 1997). In contrast, ISO 9000 is more systems-oriented and designed to manage quality (National Food Processors Association, 1992). ISO 9000 certification does not certify the product but merely provides confidence that a supplier ¿Ã‚ ½s quality system is capable of providing a stated product or service (Bennet and Steed, 1999). HACCP puts control mechanisms in place to ensure that the product is safe and manufactured to standards that are formulated internationally, whereas ISO 9000 requires that an organization define its own system and demonstrate that it can comply with it (Mayes, 1993). HACCP and ISO focus on prevention. HACCP assures food safety by controlling the process. ISO 9000 ensures system conformance to the standards. These two programs have complimentary systems that reinforce and strengthen an organization ¿Ã‚ ½s overall quality system (Newslow, 1997). To be maximally effective, these plans must be tailored to the manufacturing facility, requiring management leadership and commitment, expert knowledge in program development, employee training and operator control (National Food Processors Association, 1992). 3.5 HACCP versus ISO 22000 Food quality and food safety are immersing critical issues at the international level since outbreaks of food borne illness can damage trade and tourism, and lead to loss of earnings, unemployment and litigation. Food spoilage is wasteful, costly and can adversely affect trade and consumer confidence. To cope this issue, HACCP (Hazard analysis critical control points) in which was firstly established in the USA 3 decades ago as the preventive mechanism for safety control of foods has been worldwide adopted into the production and service food industries.( Prasert, 2007).Historically, based on end product testing strategic changes towards to more preventive approach to food safety management started as early as the 1920s (Mossel et al,1995),although this strategies were largely unsuccessful. Although there was a renewed emphasis on preventative food safety in 1930s, it is only since the 1970s.That this approach has been adopted leading to the use HACCP (Bauman,1994). The hazard analys is and critical control point (HACCP) was originally developed by the Pillsbury Company, working with NASA and the US Army Laboratories at Natick, to assure that food supplied to the manned space programme was microbiologically safe (Food Safety Through the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System, 1973; Bauman, 1974). Over the years it has been adopted by Codex, EU and other national and international regulatory bodies as the foundation of microbiological food safety management, allowing food manufacturers, retailers, distributors and caterers the ability to identify hazards and determine critical control points and effective control measures ( Mike, 2004). In 1998, ILSI Europe published its report on food safety management tools, which sought to describe how the tools available at the time interacted with each other. This included the use of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) (Mike, 2004). There is evidence that business adopting a food safety management appr oach based on HACCP and pre-requisite programs (PRPs) produce better microbiological quality food (Little et al,2002;Little et al,2003).Many food companies have been developing their own HACCP plans for about a decade, following the seven HACCP principles and applying them to their circumstances in order to produce save foods. However, HACCP plans have to be so specific to the type of business and the physical layout of each site that it is not possible to have one set of HACCP standards for all companies to follow in all situations. And while HACCP plan requirements have been codified in many localities, HACCP regulations are not  ¿Ã‚ ½ and probably cannot be-made uniform. So that need to apply management system beside HACCP which make company combine between policy definition and quality manual, with definition of responsibilities for management and employees, prerequisite programs and HACCP plan implementation, and measures for implementing the food safety program. Preparing th e HACCP team and effective recording systems, and a combination of self assessment with application of internal auditing, management review, application of all legal requirements and supplier evaluation, are other concerns in this system (Mehrdad, 2007). For implementing any standardized management system, a company needs to identify and redesign its processes so as to incorporate the specifications of the respective standard. Processes interactions also need to be determined. In most cases, additional processes related with various internal operations (such as targets setting, internal audits etc.), often not previously identified and standardized, will need to be designed. As a final step, written standard operating procedures (SOPs) need to be developed, effectively describing all activities for implementing the processes (as designed) together with the respective managerial responsibilities. For the ISO 22000 standard, a safety plan according to given specifications is also required, as described in the next section. When developed, the safety plan needs to be integrated within respective SOPs for actual use. It can be stated that ISO 22000 implementation provides a food safety system designed, operated and continuously updated (improved) as an integral part of overall organization n management. Note that classical HACCP, practically designed to operate as an effective stand-alone system, may lead to inefficient implementations, with food safety not integrated within but operating in parallel with other management systems such as ISO 9000. This is probably one of the reason why many related studies, in order to ensure appropriate action, include all sort of measures that may directly (or indirectly) impact food safety in the HACCP plan.(Panagiotis, 2009) Last, it is worth stressing the ISO 22000 requirement for quantitative objectives and targets. By establishing a system driven by objectives, ISO 22000 provides a solid basis for improvement and the determination of acceptable hazards levels (i.e. remaining risk). It is worth noting that, through the Food Safety Objectives (FSO) concept, public health goals may be systematically translated into quantitative operational targets for food safety management (for discussions of FSO see Stringer, 2005 Gorris , 2005). Classical HACCP effectively specifies two safety control levels (i.e. Prerequisite Programs (PRPs) and the HACCP plan). The differentiation between these two levels, however, is rather weak and not generally understood. As a result, most early implementation studies included both levels in the HACCP plan (see Untermann, 1999), practice which decreases system efficiency and increases safety costs (see economic analysis in Roberto et al. (2006)). The ISO 22000 standard imposed an additional control level, thus created a three-level safety control hierarchy, namely: (1) PRPs. (2) Operational Prerequisite Programs (O-PRPs). (3) HACCP plan. In the following, we briefly present each of these control levels, providing specific interpretations when necessary (to cover issues where the standard specifications are unclear or inconsistent). The PRPs define all basic conditions and activities that are necessary to maintain a hygienic environment throughout the food chain (Sub clause 3.8), by enforcing the implementation of the appropriate Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) specifications throughout the organization. Therefore, we can generally interpret PRPs as the control measures covering the design and the basic operations of all infrastructures deployed (hardware and operating practices) and which impose specifications for the development of the system SOPs (see previous section). Typical PRPs examples include cleaning and sanitation of production equipment, maintenance, personnel selection and training, etc. Thus, PRPs cover management activities necessary for any food organization and have a weak association with the specific food product produced. Note, however, that PRPs may control serious hazards and fully complement safety control at operational level. Operational safety control, which directly relates to the product and production process used, is accomplished by the other two control levels, namely: (1) O-PRPs; and (2) the HACCP plan. ISO 22000 does not give a direct definition of the HACCP plan and defines O-PRPs as follows: O-PRPs are those PRPs identified by the hazard analysis as essential in order to control the likelihood of introducing food safety hazards (Sub clause 3.9). By this definition, O-PRPs are directly related to PRPs. However, this is not consistent with the way they are subsequently treated by the standard, since both the O-PRPs and the HACCP plan are specified as the outcome of the hazard analysis that defines the measures to control the hazards essential to food safety (Sub clause 7.4.4) other that those covered by the PRPs. Adopting this view (which is fully supported by ISO/TS 22004, Sub clause 7.4.4) for the relation between the HACCP plan and O-PRPs, we still need to separate the measures entering each plan. The ISO 22000 standard specifies a set of six criteria for this separation. However, little application guidance is offered either in this standard or in ISO/TS 22004. To deal with thi s issue, we adopted an implementation approach where the principal criteria for hazard control categorization are: the hazard level (in terms of hazard severity and frequency of occurrence); and the feasibility of monitoring this hazard in a timely manner and enable immediate corrective actions. Thus, hazards with more severe impact to consumer health, higher risk of occurrence and higher ability to be timely monitored are confronted by the HACCP plan. The remaining hazards are controlled by establishing appropriate O-PRPs this categorization clearly depends on the actual design of the production system. Assume, for example, a production flow design where some hazard cannot possibly be timely controlled and should, thus, be controlled by an O-PRP. However, if this hazard impact on public health is severe, it needs to be part of the HACCP plan. Therefore, redesign of the production processes is required (e.g. a production delay may be introduced that will act as a product quarantine) in order to enable direct control of the hazard, through the HACCP plan. A final issue concerns the specific control measures incorporated in the O-PRPs and the HACCP plan. Given any process, a control measure is entirely defined by all the elements that describe the respective control loop: scope, critical parameters monitored, critical limits and corrective actions. ISO 22000 clearly stresses the need for the establishment of such a typical control mechanism both for the O-PRPs (Sub clause 7.5) and the HACCP plan (Sub clause 7.6.1). Note that specifications for particular control measures types are not given in the standard, since they are dependent on the particularities of the processes under control (Panagiotis, 2009). 3.6 ISO 22000 Advantages Benefits of implementing a systematic and effective food safety management system (FSMS) include the following advantages: One common system throughout supply chain. Better communication throughout supply chain. Integrates quality management and food safety management. Control /reduce food safety hazard. Legal compliance. Provide recognition throughout the food supply chain as a single standard approach to food safety Can be applied independently Integrates the principles of HACCP and application steps of CODEX. Allow small and /or less developed organization to implement an externally developed system. One audit can achieve certification to cover both the food safety management system and quality management system. (Vel, et al.,2005). As mentioned in (Food Standards Agency Report, 2007) Your FSMS will also give you the ability to achieve the following benefits: 1. Operating a FSMS increases business effectiveness. 2. Operating a FSMS can increase business profitability. 3. A FSMS is appropriate for all businesses working with food. 4. The extra time spent carrying out a FSMS is time well spent. Through the use of your FSMS, you can remain confident that your processes are compliant and that each step in the process is closely monitored to ensure that critical limits are kept under control. Your FSMS will also give you the ability to streamline processes, reduce inefficiencies due to paper-based forms, as well as provide greater visibility into your system Most notably, using quantitative risk assessment tools, you can identify hazards more effectively, make the process more efficient, and mitigate any unforeseen risks down the food chain. We can add that ISO 2200:2005 represents the latest step in the evolution of food safety systems beyond HACCP. It combines the five preliminary steps documentation requirements, management responsibility, resources management, planning and realization of safe product and validation, verification and improvement of FSMS and seven principles of HACCP perform hazards assessment, identify critical control points, establish critical limits, establish monitoring procedures, detail corrective actions, effective r

Essay example --

The Red Farm Power is a great tool, but like the hammer it can build and destroy civilizations. This is the theme and lesson that I learned from George Orwell’s classic novel, Animal Farm. It is believed, and can be notably seen in the past, that many great people, like Julius Cesar and Napoleon, become dangerous and corrupt under vast amounts of power. Both wanted to own the world and extend the wealth of their country but ended up evil in the eyes of many. In history there seems to be a pattern of people at the top, the kings and rulers, falling to their deaths. These type of situations usually happen because the "lower classes" becomes irrelevant and has nothing in their lives. They see the king with all this power and realize that power can bring them happiness as well. Yet Having so much power is not always a good thing. In George Orwell’s novel, Animal Farm, a scary depiction of life in what we can assume to be a corruption of Socialist Ideals, in other words the "Soviet Union", is played out. In the novel personification is used on farm animals. The animals can talk and communicate, think, and even have feeling towards each other as if they were human. In the novel, George Orwell created a character named Napoleon. He is a pig who emerges as the leader of Animal Farm after the rebellion, and in many ways he is has the characteristics of the Soviet Leader, Joseph Stalin. In the begging he seems to be a good leader; unfortunately like history as proven before, he is eventually overcome in greed and a desire for power. In real life this is how Joseph Stalin became, after suspecting many people in his empire to be followers of Trotsky he became a very evil man. In real life Lion Trotsky and Joseph Stalin where political ... ...apoleons farm with fake bank notes, this sparks a war and blood is shed all over. Many animals die but despite the loss, Napoleons farm wins. The war is once again blamed on Snowball. The last significant event that leads to Napoleon's complete communist control is the killing of Boxer. With Boxer out of the picture, Napoleon ruled the farm with his dogs by his side, and the farm was back to how it began, except instead of humans controlling, the pigs and dogs did. Power is a great tool, but like the hammer it can build and destroy civilizations. To me nothing summarizes this novel better. The novel has enlightened me on the history of Soviet Union and how it was created and ran as a country. Till I read this book i had never heard of Lion Trotsky. Over all George Orwell's classic novel, Animal Farm was a great book and I loved readying it.

Struggles that the education system is facing

As I begin learning in a secondary urban school, I start to recognize the many struggles our instruction system is confronting. Student behaviour has ever been a serious issue in many typical urban high schools. There are schools where pupils can easy accommodate to their following class degree and schoolroom outlooks, assisting to settle portion of the battle. There are besides schools that remain fighting with the pandemonium. In add-on to the behavior issue, peculiarly in Philadelphia high schools, the course of study besides contributes to the job. Recent educational statute law has redirected the focal point of schooling. Standardization has become a tool to switch the attending to certain topics such as math and English. Whenever there is a deficiency of balance in a school course of study, the academic jobs seem to originate. It is no uncertainty that our kids need reading, authorship, and arithmetic ; nevertheless, when pupils can non do connexions between those three R †˜s and societal factors, the academic jobs persist, particularly in schools with high poorness degrees. But what truly is the job? Our urban instruction system has put aside vocational topics, limited physical instruction by holding bantam gym floor, and shifted all attending and resources to math, reading and composing. School reforms frequently stir contention among instructors and decision makers. When I look back to Dewey ‘s course of study, I realize that he got a superb thought to construction course of study that might supply the solution to current school system. Dewey ‘s thoughts influence the work of many ulterior pedagogues, psychologists, and educational theoreticians but remained in the universe of thought instead than the universe of pattern. This paper examines how Dewy struggled to construct the course of study that he believe would harmonise the universe and how he rose to the universe leader in instruction. The features of an ethical democratic leader are besides analyzed.BiographyJohn Dewey was born in Burlington, Vermont, October 20, 1859. Dewey went to public schools and graduated in 1879 from the University of Vermont. Dewey began learning in Oil City, Pennsylvania for a twelvemonth. He moved to Charlotte to learn grade school for another twelvemonth before sing doctrine as a calling. Dewey borrowed five hundred dollars from an aunt to inscribe in Johns Hopkins University where he studied doctrine. Dewey received his doctorate grade under professor Morris who tardily appointed him as an teacher at Michigan. He taught a class in psychological science as an debut to the class in doctrine and shortly became an helper professor. In 1894, Dewey was invited to Chicago as president of the Department of Philosophy, Psychology, and Education. He taught classs in moralss and logics. Dewey is best known for the laboratory school in which he developed and tested his course of study. Due to a struggle with the president of University of C hicago, Dewey left Chicago and moved to Columbia. He became active in many societal and political motions and began to go around the universe. Dewy lectured in Japan, China, and Russia. Since so, Dewey has been extremely regarded as one of the greatest mind, and subscriber to psychological science, doctrine, and educational teaching method.Democratic LeadershipNo leader could lift entirely. The ability to carry and work with people makes great leaders. Dewey was non an exclusion. Dewey was influenced by his survey of Huxley ‘s book in physiology which emphasized the integrity of the being and the interaction between being and the environment. Dewey had applied the thought good into his life. He was cognizant of the environments that surrounded him and use them as resources to back up his place throughout his life. Dewey was persuasive and he besides frequently set himself near people who can assist him do things go on. His carrying accomplishments were critical for his leading throughout his life since the beginning, following his college graduation. During the twelvemonth instruction in Charlotte, near Burlington, Dewey had the chance to discourse with Professor Torrey about doctrine. The treatment led to his consideration of doctrine as a calling. Dewey was interested in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, edited by W. T. Harris. He submitted an article for publication. Harris accepted the article and gave it a compliment that encouraged Dewy to compose two more. Dewey finally enrolled in Johns Hopkins University to analyze doctrine under George Morris. At Johns Hopkins, Dewey began his societal networking. He met a group of alumnus pupils, including James Cattel. Meeting and working with Professor Morris was a key in Dewey ‘s success. When Morris was appointed to the president of doctrine at University of Michigan, Dewey besides became an teacher. After Morris died, Dewy so succeeded as president of the section. The sequence created a vacancy for James Tufts to fall in the module at Michigan. In 1891, Tuft came to the freshly unfastened University of Chicago. Three old ages subsequently, with the suggestion of Tufts, Dewey was invited to Chicago as president of the Department of Philosophy, Psychology, and Education. This event opened the door for Dewey to pursuit his thought in instruction reform. Dewey opened and operated his laboratory school with the support from the university president Harpert, his married woman, and aid from Dr. Young. After surrender from University of Chicago, Dewey wrote to several friends in other school. Cattell, who became professor and president of the Department of Philosophy at Columbia, secured Dewey a place in the section. Here at the Teachers College, Dewey became active in many societal and political motions. He traveled, lectured, and became a universe leader in instruction. Dewey was like a seed planted in good dirt. The conditions to win were the integrity between Dewey and his interaction with the environment. Dewey was clearly cognizant of his place in the different phase throughout his life, and he made good connexions with people who contributed to his success as a universe leader in instruction. Another common feature of an ethical democratic leader is self-confidence. Dewey has the assurance to follow his dream. At any clip in life, altering calling way is a large determination to do that requires a batch of assurance. Dewey did it at least twice. As he decided to pursuit a calling in doctrine, Dewey quitted working as a grade school instructor in Charlotte. He borrowed five hundred dollars from his aunt to inscribe in Johns Hopkins University. When Dewey was invited to University of Chicago as president of the Department of Philosophy, he showed his great assurance. Chicago in the 1890 was about the same as Chicago of today. The city with political corruptnesss was besides the land for municipal and societal reforms. Dewey has the assurance to take the lead in the section, and open his research lab within two old ages. When the struggle between Dewey and president Harper arose in Chicago, Dewy resigned from his place and left without cognizing what to make next. He left th e school, but he did non go forth his dream. He used his assurance to follow his dream and thoughts with small respects to where he worked. He changed waies to follow his ain way. Dewey ‘s assurance was more graphic when he traveled around the universe. He traveled to different states that have different political systems like Japan, China, Soviet Union, Dewey involved in activities that advocate democracy in Japan and China. Dewey besides became involved in the difference between Stalin and Trotsky. The serious work put Dewey as a leader in educational and political reform. Dewey was ever a difficult worker who worked with passion. Dewey devoted his life to work in the field of doctrine, psychological science, and instruction. He worn multiple chapeaus along his calling line. Dewey was originally a grade school instructor, and so served as professor. He joined the University of Chicago as president of a section. In 1899, Dewey was elected as president of American Psychological Association. Subsequently, he served as president of American Philosophical Association. He had legion publications that covered a broad scope of subjects. Psychology was his first book that appeared in front of James ‘s Principles of Psychology. When he was a member of the Psychological Review, he published several articles. One of his outstanding part to psychological science was How We Think, in which Dewey formulate five stairss human takes to believe. The best known portion of his part is the work in instruction. His instruction method is dominant in the American instru ction system. During his calling, publications of methods in about all Fieldss of doctrine were apparent that Dewey was an highly difficult worker who made himself seeable and a loud voice in his field. Passion is one of the cardinal features for a successful leader. Dewey ‘s success in the field of instruction was a consequence of work outing a struggle. Before developing his invention around the struggle, Dewey carefully define the job as a disjunction between an single and society, â€Å" the ultimate job of all instruction is to organize the psychological and the societal factors. † Dewey focused on doing the connexion between the involvements and development of the person and those of the society. Dewey interested in organizing the two factors so that the person ‘s involvement and psychological science are non dictated by the societal environment. Dewey believed in doing the school a illumination community where the kid lived, participated, and contribute to the societal community while emerging individualism at the same clip. He rejected the impression that the map of instruction was to fix the following coevalss to run expeditiously in the bing societal order. Dewey besides rejected the thought that the present involveme nts of the kid must be subordinated to future wagess whether they were represented by vocational competence or by a bid of the cultural heritage. The two rejections are still valid in today ‘s society. Our instruction system aims to fix kids for the modern universe, frequently disregard the person ‘s involvement. As the procedure of globalisation is on the manner and competition is on the rise, the person ‘s involvements are less important in the finding of a pupil about what to make in the hereafter. Often, a pupil picks their calling based on the handiness of occupations. Although it is less relevant, the impression of a kid ‘s involvement is dictated by a bid of cultural heritage exists in today society, particularly in Asiatic states where grownups pave the route of the hereafter for their kids. Dewey rejected both and looked for a new procedure of taking the kid from present involvements to an rational bid the modern universe. With that in head, Dewey wa nted to utilize a school as a research lab to plan and prove his invention. Although Dewey has set the intent of his school and an experiment to transport out, he did non get down without confer withing bing thoughts. Dewey started with an analysis on Harris ‘s humanist theoretical account. Harris ‘s focal point was to stand for in the class of survey the whole human experience. While Dewey saw that as an importance in the course of study, he found that Harris ‘s five topics did non represents the whole human experience. He pointed out the job of isolation. Each topic was taught as isolated from the following and there was no existent principal of integrity. In add-on, each of the group of surveies was ready made. Dewey believes that capable taught isolatedly loses its significance, he noted, â€Å" geographics loses much of its significance when separated from history, and history loses a good trade of its content, if you isolate it wholly from geographics. † In this course of study, the kid ‘s life is an built-in. Children ba se on balls from one subject to another, on topic to the following. They go to school, and assorted surveies divide the universe for them. Each topic is classified while facts are torn off from their beginning and rearranged with mention to some general rules. Each subjects are divided into surveies ; each survey into lesson, each lesson into specific facts and expression. Children are immature, traveling to school to go full-blown and to widen their experience. The job is so, the proviso of logical parts and sequences, and the presentation of each part in a schoolroom. Dewey besides noted that the job is terrible when it comes to topics that are presented in a more or less finished signifier. The chief expostulation of Harris ‘s place was that the procedure of conveying the kid to the intellectual of western civilisation was done without esteeming the kid ‘s involvements and how kids see their universe. They are taught from the position of grownups who arranged and pres ented cognition in organized topics. In add-on, the promise of integrity among the topics in the course of study was non fulfilled every bit long as the topics are treated independently from one another. Having been through a century of reform, the subject-isolated course of study still exists in today ‘s society as a criterion. Subjects of survey are organized cognition in detached books, taught individually by fixed course of study with fixed criterions. In add-on, instructors are besides divided harmonizing to different topics. Teachers are certified to teacher in certain capable countries. Dewey saw the job and turned his dorsum from this attack. Another option was the culture-epoch. Dewey had assorted experiencing about it but still see it as a promise for alteration in the right way. This attack is appealing to Dewey because it attempted to take the kid ‘s involvements straight into history in building the class of survey. In add-on, a culture-epoch course of study proposed to travel increasingly from the early phases of human development to civilisation by mean of ability to cover efficaciously with the modern universe. Although the culture-epoch is really promising to Dewey, it still reveals some jobs with Dewey ‘s ideal course of study. One job is the correspondence between the kid and the race that is questionable. Culture-epoch suggested that there is a possibility of a developmental phase in the kid that is non easy to do confirmation whether it exists. Reject 2 things: the human phases, and the agribusiness illustration of the manner it is carried. Bing a voice speak out his thoughts Tact/strategic 6 stairss to work out struggles Handss on the research lab school Indominable spirit struggle with Harper Resilient Move to Columbia and go on to tour universe Position of human self-respect the course of study for kids ( tonss from the kid and course of study ) Idealist/Realist ( ideal school in society )

Globalization and its Principal Outcomes Essay

Globalization mainly concentrates on trade and commerce between nations and creates a global market, in which goods and services easily flow from one nation to another, without any barrier. All the countries would equally share the production resources and allow the free movement of resources between them, in the global community. The African countries have always been exporting raw materials like minerals and agricultural produce, which are utilized in the production sector of the Western markets. They do not have any significant production facilities; hence they have to borrow, in order to import manufactured goods. The Western markets employ trade tariffs and other such economic stratagems to drastically reduce the price of these imports from these African nations, while increasing the cost of the exports to these countries. The result is that the African nations suffer from a balance of payments problem (Mutethia, 2000). Globalization has both advantages and disadvantages. Some of its advantages are enhanced productivity, low interest rates and a low rate of global inflation. It not only provides a high level of protection to economies, but it also promotes inequality of income. This has been evident in the developments around the world. There is increased disparity in income and an imposition of protectionist approaches in the developed nations. Globalization eliminates national borders and permits the free flow of services and goods from one nation to another. It provides greater opportunities to developing nations to widen their market area and enter the global market. However, this type of open trade is unsuited to poor nations (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2004. P. 34). Liberalisation is the main component of globalization, and constitutes its first and foremost condition. Advocates of globalization argue that the state’s role must be limited to security and defence. In all other aspects, the state must play a subordinate role. As such, many of the developing nations have autocratic rule, and there is abuse of power and office by government officials. Moreover, these countries do not adopt proper economic management. All these factors contribute to their underdevelopment. Therefore, countries with these characteristics cannot meet the challenges posed by globalization. Thus, liberalisation, in all aspects, is the prerequisite for the success of globalization. However, rapid liberalisation would only cause harm rather than benefit (Africa News, February 18, 2007). According to Stiglitz globalization is a process that is unsuitable for poor nations. It does not promote the stability of the global economy. He also added that the first to fall prey to globalization would be the developing economies. The poor in these nations would become poorer, and the disparity in power across the globe would be perpetuated. The principal financial institutions that engender this process are the IMF and the World Bank. These institutions, characteristically lack transparency in their dealings and they are controlled by the developed world (Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 2004. P. 327). The less developed countries experienced a reduction in the restrictions placed on the financial and trade markets in the beginning of the 1980’s. These changes served to engender greater political freedom in these countries. This extraordinary process of globalization can be assumed to improve the democratic systems of governance (Rudra, Oct, 2005). Developing countries suffer from the unequal power distribution brought about by globalization. At present the world is experiencing a number of adverse effects due to globalization. These effects are not limited to the developing and poor nations; and they are also being experienced by most of the developed nations. That is the power of globalization (Kaur, October 12, 2007 ; Pg. 25 ). At present, these nations are experiencing the adverse effects of globalization. Under the globalization policy, there should not be any restrictions on free trade. However, in practice this policy is not followed by many nations. For instance, African agricultural produce is subjected to severe restrictions in the western markets. The latter impose heavy tariffs on the African produce in order to protect their own industries within their nations. These are protectionist pressures, created by globalization. Therefore, globalization has failed to ensure the free movement of goods and fair competition (Africa News, February 18, 2007). A significant number of people continue to argue that globalization ushers in negative outcomes for the world. Its effect has been to render the rich richer and the poor poorer. It is the claim of economists that globalization brings about more benefits for all. However, the poor are neglected in this process, as they could not get a fair share of the profits generated by globalization. It is important to note that social security and other governmental policies could be instrumental in reversing the negative outcomes of globalization, and eliminate inequality and poverty in the developing nations. Some of the other tools that promote a fairer system of cooperation are fair trade and patent laws (Sen, April 27, 2007, Pg. 14). The chief objective of globalization is to implement a world order that benefits the capitalists. It is naive to assume that globalization is nothing more than an increase in worldwide mutual interlinking, brought about by technological change and market forces. A number of countries of the world have been afflicted with financial crises, which have served to highlight the ills of globalization. List of References Africa News.(February 18, 2007). Rwanda; Is Globalisation Another Form of Imperialism? The New Times . Ehrlich, P. R. , & Ehrlich, A. H. (2004. P. 327). One with Nineveh. Island Press. Kaur, H. (October 12, 2007 ; Pg. 25 ). The rich, too, begin to feel globalisation pinch. New Straits Times (Malaysia) . Mutethia, J. (2000, August 15). Africa and Globalization. Retrieved October 21, 2008, from Global Policy Forum: http://www. globalpolicy. org/socecon/develop/africa/glob. htm Rudra, N. (Oct, 2005). Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing